Pre-course --------------- Barr body chromosome coding region codon dominant electroporation exon frameshift gamete gene haploid haploploidy helicase heterochromatin histone independent assortment intron karyotype ligase ligation mean meiosis Mendelian trait mitosis non-coding region normal distribution nucleoside nucleotide oocyte phases of cell cycle phases of meiosis phases of mitosis polar body recessive recombinant segregation of alleles sex chromosome standard deviation telomerase telomere thymine dimer trait Exam Period 1 --------------- acrocentric allele autosome base substitution biallelic centromere chromatid chromosomal sex determination codominance cohesin continuous trait contraction of an STR CoT curve in eukaryotes and the three steps deletion dihybrid dihybrid cross dioecious diploid discontinuous trait discrete trait dosage compensation environmental sex determination expansion of an STR forward mutation four major sources of mutation gain-of-function mutation gene dosage sex determination genetic/genic sex determination genic balance sex determination genotype germline mutation hemizygous hermaphroditic heterogametic heterozygote homogametic homozygote incomplete dominance indel in-frame insertion or deletion insertion intergenic suppressor mutation intragenic suppressor mutation kinetochore Klinefelter Syndrome lagging strand leading strand lethal mutation loss-of-function mutation Meristic characteristic metacentric missenses mutation model organisms: common and scientific names molecular genetics monoecious neutral mutation nonsense mutation Okazaki fragment phenotype polygenic inheritance pseudoautosomal QTL qualitative trait quantitative trait reverse mutation sequential hermaphroditism short tandem repeat polymorphism shugoshin silent mutation single nucleotide polymorphism slippage somatic mutation SRY submetacentric suppresor mutation tautomers telocentric transcription factor binding site transition transmission genetics transversion Turner Syndrome variable number tandem repeat Exam Period 2 --------------- ascospore auxotrophs backcross cis competent cells conjugation coupling episome F-factor Hfr IS2 IS3 linkage linkage disequilibrium linked locus/loci minimal media and primary components nonrecombinant oriT oriV phase pilin pilus plasmid prototrophs recombination fraction repulsion sonication tra genes trans transduction transformation Exam Period 3 --------------- asymptomatic carrier bimodal distribution centiMorgan chromosome maps CHWE concordant consanguinity deletion mapping discordant dizygotic twins excluded FISH fixed allele Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization genetic drift Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium heterokaryon HWE linkage maps LOD Log of odds lost allele map unit monozygotic twins negative correlation Neutral theory non-random mating obligate carrier pedigree symbols physical maps population population genetics positive correlation probability of allele fixation proband random genetic drift random mating random union of gametes skewed distribution somatic cell hybridization subpopulation suggestive Theory of Selective Neutrality three-point test cross two-point test cross unfixed allele whole chromosome painting Exam Period 4 --------------- complementation dominant epistasis double recessive epistasis epistasis equilibrium average homozygosity expressivity genetic heterogeneity incomplete penetrance intercross Lyons hypothesis penetrance phenocopy pleiotropy polydactyly recessive epistasis