acrocentric allele ascospore asymptomatic carrier autosome auxotrophs backcross Barr body * base substitution biallelic bimodal distribution centiMorgan centromere chromatid chromosomal sex determination chromosome * chromosome maps CHWE cis coding region * codominance codon * cohesin competent cells complementation concordant conjugation consanguinity continuous trait contraction of an STR CoT curve in eukaryotes and the three steps coupling deletion deletion mapping dichromatic dihybrid dihybrid cross dioecious diploid discontinuous trait discordant discrete trait dizygotic twins dominant * dominant epistasis dosage compensation duplicate recessive epistasis electroporation environmental sex determination episome epistasis equilibrium average homozygosity excluded exon * expansion of an STR expressivity F-factor FISH fixed allele Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization forward mutation four major sources of mutation frameshift * gain-of-function mutation gamete * gene * gene dosage sex determination genetic drift genetic heterogeneity genetic/genic sex determination genic balance sex determination genotype germline mutation haploid * haploploidy * Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium helicase * hemizygous hermaphroditic heterochromatin * heterogametic heterokaryon heteroplasmy heterozygote Hfr histone * homogametic homozygote HWE incomplete dominance incomplete penetrance indel independent assortment * in-frame insertion or deletion insertion intercross intergenic suppressor mutation intragenic suppressor mutation intron * IS2 IS3 karyotype * kinetochore Klinefelter Syndrome lagging strand leading strand lethal mutation ligase * ligation * linkage linkage disequilibrium linkage maps linked locus/loci LOD Log of odds loss-of-function mutation lost allele Lyons hypothesis map unit mean * meiosis * Mendelian trait * Meristic characteristic metacentric minimal media and primary components missense mutation mitosis * model organisms: common and scientific names molecular genetics monoecious monozygotic twins negative correlation neutral mutation Neutral theory non-coding region * non-random mating nonrecombinant nonsense mutation normal distribution * nucleoside * nucleotide * obligate carrier Okazaki fragment oocyte * oriT oriV pedigree symbols penetrance phase phases of cell cycle * phases of meiosis * phases of mitosis * phenocopy phenotype phenylketonuria physical maps pilin pilus PKU plasmid pleiotropy polar body * polydactyly polygenic inheritance population population genetics positive correlation probability of allele fixation proband prototrophs pseudoautosomal QTL qualitative trait quantitative trait random genetic drift random mating random union of gametes recessive * recessive epistasis recombinant * recombination fraction repulsion reverse mutation segregation of alleles * sequential hermaphroditism sex chromosome * short tandem repeat short tandem repeat polymorphism shugoshin silent mutation single nucleotide polymorphism skewed distribution slippage somatic cell hybridization somatic mutation sonication SRY standard deviation * STR submetacentric subpopulation suggestive suppresor mutation tautomers telocentric telomerase * telomere * Theory of Selective Neutrality three-point test cross thymine dimer * tra genes trait * trans transcription factor binding site transduction transformation transition transmission genetics transversion trichromatic Turner Syndrome two-point test cross unfixed allele variable number tandem repeat whole chromosome painting